The principle behind allergy immunotherapy is to expose the patient’s immune system to increasing amounts of the specific allergen, thereby building tolerance. This process involves the controlled administration of allergen extracts, initially in small doses that are gradually increased. This gradual increase allows the immune system to become accustomed to the allergen, reducing the severity of the allergic response or potentially eliminating allergic symptoms altogether.

Allergy immunotherapy is particularly effective for allergic rhinitis (hay fever), allergic asthma, conjunctivitis (eye allergy), and reactions to insect stings. The treatment is known to be effective for allergies to pollen, dust mites, mold spores, animal dander, and insect venom.

The therapy works by inducing a range of immune changes, including the increase of allergen-specific IgG antibodies, which block allergens from binding to IgE antibodies (responsible for allergic symptoms). It also involves the modulation of T-cell responses and the reduction of mast cell and basophil numbers, both of which play a key role in allergic reactions.

Pollen: From trees, grasses, and weeds; causes seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Pets: Animal dander, particularly from cats and dogs, often triggers allergic reactions.
Dust Mites: Microscopic organisms living in household dust.
Molds: Fungi that can be found indoors and outdoors.

In allergies, the immune system mistakenly identifies a harmless substance as a threat and produces antibodies (IgE) against it. Future exposure to the allergen leads to an immune response, releasing substances like histamine, causing symptoms.

Allergic reactions can range from mild – such as sneezing and itching – to severe, life-threatening conditions like anaphylaxis. Chronic allergies can significantly impact daily activities, sleep quality, and overall health.

First Step in Allergy Immunotherapy (1000+ words)
The first critical step in allergy immunotherapy is accurately identifying the specific allergens responsible for an individual’s allergic reactions. This is primarily done through the percutaneous (skin prick) test.

During this test, small amounts of potential allergens are applied to the skin, usually on the forearm or back, using a gentle prick method. If the individual is allergic to a substance, a reaction similar to a mosquito bite appears at the test site.

The test is generally quick and causes minimal discomfort. Patients can expect to feel a small prick with each application. Reactions, if any, typically occur within 20 minutes, allowing for quick identification of specific allergens.

The size of the swelling or redness at each site provides information on the severity of the allergy. A larger reaction generally indicates a greater sensitivity to the allergen.

Results from the percutaneous test are crucial in developing an effective immunotherapy plan, ensuring the treatment is tailored to target the specific allergens causing the patient’s symptoms.

Based on the results of allergy testing, a unique mixture of allergen extracts is prepared for each patient. This mixture reflects the allergens that trigger the patient’s allergic